Substitution

This page from 'Life, Advanced Unit 5a, Practical Grammar 3' by National Geographic Learning focuses on the grammatical concept of 'Substitution' in English. It explains and exemplifies how to avoid repetition in speech and writing by replacing words, phrases, or clauses with substitutes like pronouns, synonyms, auxiliaries, 'do so', and 'that/so/not'. The page provides examples of substituting lexis (using synonyms), nouns (using pronouns), verbs and verb phrases (using auxiliaries and 'do so'), and clauses (using 'that', 'so', or 'not'). It also covers ellipsis, the omission of words completely, especially when using 'to' instead of repeating a full infinitive phrase. The page includes exercises for students to practice substitution, including gap-fill and matching exercises.

Asosiy mavzular

• Substitution (Umumiy tushuncha): The core topic is how to substitute elements in sentences (words, phrases, or clauses) to avoid redundancy and make language more concise and fluent.
• Lexisni almashtirish: Using synonyms (words with similar meanings) to replace repeated words, creating variety and interest.
• Otni almashtirish: Using pronouns (like 'it', 'one', 'former', 'latter') to refer back to previously mentioned nouns, preventing repetition.
• Fe'llar va fe'l birikmalarini almashtirish: Using auxiliary verbs (like 'do', 'have', 'will') to avoid repeating entire verb phrases. Using 'do so' to replace a verb phrase.
• Gaplarni almashtirish: Substituting entire clauses with 'that', 'so', or 'not', streamlining sentences and responses.
• Ellipsis: The complete omission of words, especially when using 'to' instead of repeating a full infinitive phrase, making sentences more concise.